Besides the masculine suffix -ec, which had been previously listed by Vidovic-Muha (), the analysis plus relates to the latest Slovenian male suffix -ar
The first the main report is focused on the fresh new derivation away from female and you will male nouns to possess disciplines within the English and you may Slovenian. The analysis means that new principal version of female nouns into the sahayД± araЕџtД±rД±n both dialects involves derivation via affixation, if you’re English comes with the compounding. Masculinatives try unusual both in dialects; he could be primarily designed when considering disciplines that happen to be traditionally thought area of the feminine industries. Brand new suffix isn’t productive but could be observed in the expression babicar (‘male midwife’). The very best difference in the 2 dialects would be the fact latest English seems to be abandoning the aid of gender-marked models (except for brand new rare feminatives one will always be), while into the Slovenian, since the confirmed of the corpus analysis, making use of feminatives is on the rise. The reason for which asymmetry was grounded on the reality that English keeps a virtually low-existent grammatical gender system, and often uses the same terms and conditions to spell it out good man or woman employed in a certain job. Ergo, when it comes to women referents the utilization of feminine nouns is common, as the means to access masculine common versions is found on the fresh decline.
The corpus data suggests that the difference between masculine and you will female nouns to have professions should be shown by the investigating its collocators, semantic choices, and you can semantic associations (Sinclair 1996 and you may Philip 2010).
Slovenian nouns denoting procedures enjoys obvious referents for gender, and their contemporary have fun with – evidenced when you look at the corpora – shows an obvious desire on agreement anywhere between grammatical and you will biological genders
The newest collocators away from English male and you may feminine nouns into the looked at disciplines (actress/star, policewoman/cop inside the waiter/waiter) reveals that they display particular semantic environments: associated specialities; metropolises and you may surroundings with the profession; personal brands; terminology outlining the standard of their work; together with typical methods of profession. Some specific associative meanings also are shown when we view the fresh new collocators detailing human attributes and appear. This new feminatives tend to co-can be found having terms for stereotypically feminine character traits and you may identification (together with sexual
connotations). This is certainly prior to Caldas-Coulthard and you may Moon (2010), whom define for example asymmetries which have stereotypes regarding gender, sexualization of women, and additionally as we age and you can habits.
Slovenian male/women pairs to possess disciplines inform you equivalent results. Out of semantic liking, we are able to to see expressions associated with regular procedures; normal urban centers and you will surroundings; associated specialities; personality traits; and appear. The corpus study and reveal some high distinctions. The newest pairs out of Slovenian masculine and you may female nouns writing on professions would be divided into two groups. The initial one comprises pairs that will be semantically comparable and you will stylistically un), just like the pairs regarding the 2nd classification are subject to (a level of) semantic narrowing and you may stylistic establishing.
A prototype on the earliest group ‘s the couple zdravnica/zdravnik (‘female/male doctor’), all of that can co-exists that have words talking about the type of really works, normal strategies and relevant specialities. The female nouns in such sets try stylistically unmarked. An identical achievement would be attained towards pairs sodnica/sodnik (‘female/male judge’) and vzgojiteljica/vzgojitelj (‘female/male preschool teacher’), however with a caveat. The type of the pair sodnica/sodnik overlap on areas away from laws and you can athletics; yet not, the info also echo the fresh new social position of your own industry – the most important ranks (elizabeth.g., constitutional evaluator) are mainly arranged for men. The two vzgojiteljica/vzgojitelj can be defined as a great borderline case between noted and you may unmarked definition. The newest corpus analysis highly recommend a level of semantic narrowing and stylistic marking: the meaning of “teacher from inside the a student dormitory” identifies guys, since the accessibility adjectives (patient women and rigorous guys) what to gender stereotyping.